Almost Healthy

In Athens, a man contracted itching on his whole body, especially his testicles and his forehead. It was extremely severe. The skin was thick on his whole body and like leprosy in appearance. You couldn't even remove any of the skin because of its thickness. No one was able to help him. Having gone to Melos, however, where there are thermal baths, he was relieved of the itching and the thick skin, but he became dropsical and died.

Ἀθήνῃσιν, ἄνθρωπος ξυσμῷ εἴχετο πᾶν τὸ σῶμα, μάλιστα δὲ τοὺς ὄρχιας καὶ τὸ μέτωπον, εἴχετο δὲ πάνυ σφόδρα, καὶ τὸ δέρμα παχὺ ἦν καθ' ἅπαν τὸ σῶμα, καὶ οἷόν περ λέπρη τὴν πρόσοψιν· καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἀπέλαβες οὐδαμόθεν τοῦ δέρματος ὑπὸ τῆς παχύτητος· τοῦτον οὐδεὶς ἠδύνατο ὠφελῆσαι· διελθὼν δὲ ἐς Μῆλον, ᾗ τὰ θερμὰ λοετρὰ, τοῦ μὲν κνησμοῦ ἐπαύσατο καὶ τῆς παχυδερμίης· ὑδρωπιήσας δὲ ἔθανεν.

Hippocratic Corpus, Epidemics 5.1.9

Eurydamas, in Oineiadai, went mad on the tenth day of a lung inflammation. Once he was treated, he came back to his senses, his saliva became clearer, and the disease took a turn for the better. Then much sleep poured over him, his eyes became jaundiced, and he died near the twentieth day.

Εὐρυδάμας, ἐν Οἰνειάδῃσιν, ἐν περιπλευμονίῃ δεκαταῖος ἤρχετο παρακόπτειν· ἰητρευόμενος δὲ κατενόησέ τε, καὶ τὰ πτύαλα ἐγένετο καθαρώτερα, καὶ προχωρέουσα ἡ νοῦσος ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον, ὕπνος τε αὐτέῳ κατεχύθη πουλὺς, καὶ τὰ ὄμματα ἰκτερώδεα ἐγένετο, καὶ ἀπέθανε πρὸς τὰς εἴκοσιν ἡμέρας.

Hippocratic Corpus, Epidemics 5.1.5

Marcellus Sideta On Lycanthropy. A translation of the first account of werewolves.

Marcellus’ On Lycanthropy or Cynanthropy.

Those seized by the disease called cynanthropy or lycanthropy  go out for the whole night in the month of February imitating wolves or dogs in every way, wandering, especially around graveyards, until morning. You can recognize those affected by it through the following signs: they are pale, they look weak, they have dry eyes and they shed no tears. You should see their eyes are hollow, tongue dry and they produce no saliva at all. They are also thirsty and they have incurable wounds on their legs from continuous falls and the bites of dogs.

These are the signs of their condition. One should know that lycanthropy is a form of melancholia, which you will treat at the time of the onset of symptoms by cutting a vein, evacuating the blood to the point of fainting, and having the patient follow a diet of rich food. Let them bathe in sweet water baths, then after you have administered whey from milk for three days, purge using Rufus’, Archigenes’ or Justus’ wonder-drug prepared with colocynth, administering it at intervals two or three times. After purging, theriac from vipers is to be used and the other things mentioned before in the case of melancholia are to be given as well. In the evening, when the disease has already come on, use ointments for the head and those perfumes that cause sleep. Rub the nostrils with opium. Give an occasional hypnotic to drink, as well.

Περὶ λυκανθρωπίας ἤτοι κυνανθρωπίας Μαρκέλλου. οἱ τῇ λεγομένῃ κυνανθρωπίᾳ ἤτοι λυκανθρωπίᾳ νόσῳ κατεχόμενοι κατὰ τὸν Φευρουάριον μῆνα νυκτὸς ἐξίασι τὰ πάντα μιμούμενοι λύκους ἢ κύνας καὶ μέχρις ἡμέρας περὶ τὰ μνήματα μάλιστα διατρίβουσι. γνωρίσεις δὲ τοὺς οὕτω πάσχοντας διὰ τῶνδε· ὠχροὶ τυγχάνουσι καὶ ὁρῶσιν ἀδρανὲς καὶ ξηροὺς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχουσι καὶ οὐδὲν δακρύουσι. θεάσῃ δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ κοίλους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ γλῶσσαν ξηρὰν καὶ οὐδὲ ὅλως σίελον προχέουσιν. εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ διψώδεις καὶ τὰς κνήμας ἔχουσιν ἡλκωμένας ἀνιάτως διὰ τὰ συνεχῆ πτώματα καὶ τῶν κυνῶν τὰ δήγματα.

τοιαῦτα μὲν αὐτῶν τὰ γνωρίσματα· γινώσκειν δὲ χρὴ μελαγχολίας εἶδος εἶναι τὴν λυκανθρωπίαν, ἣν θεραπεύσεις κατὰ τὸν χρόνον τῆς ἐπισημασίας τέμνων φλέβα καὶ κενῶν τοῦ αἵματος ἄχρι λειποθυμίας καὶ διαιτῶν τὸν κάμνοντα ταῖς εὐχύμοις τροφαῖς. κεχρήσθω δὲ λουτροῖς γλυκέσιν, εἶτα ὀρρῷ γάλακτος χρησάμενος ἐπὶ τρεῖς ἡμέρας κάθαιρε τῇ διὰ τῆς κολυκυνθίδος ἱερᾷ Ῥούφου ἢ Ἀρχιγένους ἢ Ἰούστου, δεύτερον καὶ τρίτον παρέχων ἐκ διαστημάτων. μετὰ δὲ τὰς καθάρσεις καὶ τῇ διὰ τῶν ἐχιδνῶν θηριακῇ χρηστέον. καὶ τὰ ἄλλα παραληπτέον ὅσα ἐπὶ τῆς μελαγχολίας προείρηται. εἰς ἑσπέραν δὲ ἐπερχομένης ἤδη τῆς νόσου τοῖς ὕπνον εἰωθόσιν ἐμποιεῖν ἐπιβρέγμασι τῆς κεφαλῆς χρῆσθαι καὶ ὀσφραντοῖς τοιούτοις καὶ ὀπίῳ διαχρίειν τοὺς μυκτῆρας, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ ποτίζειν τινὰ τῶν ὑπνωτικῶν.

Marcellus Sideta apud Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 6.11, 151,21­–152,12 Olivieri

Not much is know about Marcellus of Side, except what is recorded in the Suda:

“Marcellus Sideta, doctor at the time of Marcus [Aurelius] Antoninus. He wrote forty-two medical books in epic verse, among which is also On Werewolves.”

Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, ἰατρός, ἐπὶ Μάρκου Ἀντωνίνου. οὗτος ἔγραψε δι' ἐπῶν ἡρωϊκῶν βιβλία ἰατρικὰ δύο καὶ μ’, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ λυκανθρώπου.

Suda μ, entry 205

*The text refers to a drug called “hiera,” which means “sacred.” I am not sure where the name comes from. It might come from the fact that it was used to treat epilepsy, i.e., the sacred disease (ἡ ἱερὰ νόσος), or maybe it contained ingredients considered sacred, or maybe it is a marketing gimmick. From what I’ve read, lots of different drugs are called “hiera,” from plasters to purgatives. See, e.g., Galen, HVA 2.11:

‘Whenever, then, the fever isn't strong, and you have experience with the nature of the patient, you'll arrive at the dose of the purging drug when you use the ones mentioned by Hippocrates or even some other ones that work in similar ways, of which one is [prepared] with colocynth. It is usually called “hiera.”‘

ὅταν οὖν ὁ πυρετὸς ᾖ μὴ σφοδρός, ἔμπειρός τε ᾖς τῆς τοῦ κάμνοντος φύσεως, εἰς τὴν τοῦ καθαίροντος φαρμάκου δόσιν ἀφίξῃ χρώμενος ἤτοι τοῖς ὑφ' Ἱπποκράτους εἰρημένοις ἢ καί τισιν ἄλλοις τῶν ὁμοιοτρόπων, ὧν ἐστι καὶ τὸ διὰ τῆς κολοκυνθίδος, ἱερὰν δ' αὐτὴν συνήθως ὀνομάζουσι.

Galen, In Hippocratis De victu acutorum commentaria, HVA 2.11, 172 Helmreich (15.539 Kühn)

I am translating it as “wonder drug” for fun, but to be honest, I can’t figure out where the name comes from. Justus’ version, a purgative, is preserved by Oribasius. Here it is:

“Justus’ Wonder Drug

• Of colocynth insides, 22 drams

• Of french Lavender, germander, white pepper, black pepper, agaric, black hellebore, scammony, 13 drams each

• Of gum ammoniac, thyme, saffron, spurge, 8 drams each

• Of Myrrh, 4 drams

• Of roasted squill, 16 drams

• (some: of cassia, 4 drams; and of spikenard, 8 drams )

• A sufficient amount of honey”

Ἱερὰ Ἰούστου.

Κολοκυνθίδος ἔντερα 𐅻 κβ’, στοιχάδος, χαμαίδρυος, πεπέρεως λευκοῦ, πεπέρεως μέλανος, ἀγαρικοῦ, ἐλλεβόρου μέλανος, σκαμμωνίας ἀνὰ 𐅻 ιγ’, ἀμμωνιακοῦ, θύμου, κρόκου, εὐφορβίου ἀνὰ 𐅻 η’, σμύρνης 𐅻 δ’, σκίλλης ὀπτῆς 𐅻 ιϛ’ (ἔνιοι κασίας 𐅻 δ’ καὶ ναρδοστάχυος 𐅻 η’), μέλιτος τὸ ἀρκοῦν.

Oribasius, Medical Collections, 8.47.21 (300,8-13 Raeder)

Elderflower Cordial

We went out picking Elderflowers to make cordial to last us through the summer, so I nerded out and dug into my medical sources to see what they had to say about them.

Now, there is a magical side to Elder that Greco-Roman medicine doesn’t talk much about. There is the Elder Mother who protects the tree from those who would harm it. There is the fact that the tree itself protects against witchcraft (or lightning, or caterpillars, depending on who you read). There are also stories that the cross of Jesus of Nazareth was made of Elder wood and that Judas Iscariot hung himself from an Elder tree. There is even a wonderful tradition in Oxfordshire to ‘bleed the elder’ at the King Stone on midsummer eve to commemorate the time when an Elder tree / witch turned an invading Danish King and his army to stone.

In English it is Elder, German Holunder, Ancient Greek ἄκτη, Latin sambucus (as in the drink, sambuca, which doesn’t have Elder in it anymore). For the botanical name, Linnaeus adopted the Latin, and the Latin has an interesting history itself. It derives from the Greek word σαμβύκη (sambuke), the word for some kind of harp made from some kind of wood, which might be Elder, but might not be. The wood of the Elder is hollow, so not the best wood for making string instruments. It is good for wind ones, though, which is why Pliny tells us the sabuci is used by shepherds to make horns or flutes. He also says that the shepherds believe the best wood comes from trees out of earshot of any roosters…

There is a book from 1631 published in Leipzig, written by Dr. Martin Blochwich, called Anatomia Sambuci, Anatomy of the Elder (translated into English by the Royal Society later in the 17th century), which goes over identification, recipes and its use in treatments. The Grimm brothers approach the subject from a different angle in their tale of Frau Holle.

Here are the medical sources on Elder (Sambucus nigra L.). As usual, don’t try these.

Dioscorides

1. Elder—double: for one is something tree-like that has reed-shaped branches, round, whitish and of good length; the leaves, either three or four spaced at intervals around the twig, similar to the walnut, but with a heavy scent and smaller; and at the ends of the branches, round umbels that have white flowers, and fruit resembling terebinth, purple-black, like a grape-bunch, juicy and wine-like.

2. The other one is called ground-elder, but by others marsh-elder. It is smaller and more like an herb, having a square stem with many joints; the leaves, at intervals around each joint, are pinnatifid, similar to almond, but notched around and longer, heavy-scented. The umbel at the end is like that of the one before, also flower and fruit. The root below is long, the width of a finger. The power and use of both are the same: cooling, able to drive out water, certainly bad for the stomach. Boiled like vegetables, the leaves purge phlegm and bile, and the soft stems, taken in a dish, produce the same effects.

3. Also, its root boiled with wine and given along with the routine diet benefits dropsical patients, and its helps those bitten by vipers likewise when drunk. Boiled with water in a sitz bath, it softens and opens up the womb and it straightens out the conditions associated with it. Also, drinking the fruit with wine produces the same effect, and it also dyes hair black when smeared on. New and soft leaves with (a poultice of) barley groats soothe inflammations and are suitable for burns and dog bites when used as a plaster. They also glue together fistulas and they help those with gout when used as a plaster with beef or goat fat.

1. ἀκτῆ · δισσή· ἡ μὲν γάρ τίς ἐστι δενδρώδης, κλάδους καλαμοειδεῖς ἔχουσα, στρογγύλους, ὑπολεύκους, εὐμήκεις· τὰ δὲ φύλλα τρία ἢ τέσσαρα ἐκ διαστημάτων περὶ τὴν ῥάβδον, καρύᾳ βασιλικῇ ὅμοια, βαρύοσμα δὲ καὶ μικρότερα, ἐπ' ἄκρων δὲ τῶν κλάδων σκιάδια περιφερῆ, ἔχοντα ἄνθη λευκά, καρπὸν δὲ ἐοικότα τερεβίνθῳ, ἐν τῷ μέλανι ὑποπόρφυρον, βοτρυώδη, πολύχυλον, οἰνώδη.

2. τὸ δ' ἕτερον αὐτῆς χαμαιάκτη καλεῖται, ὑφ' ὧν δὲ ἕλειος ἀκτῆ· ἐλάττων δὲ καὶ βοτανωδεστέρα, καυλὸν ἔχουσα τετράγωνον, πολυγόνατον· τὰ δὲ φύλλα ἐκ διαστημάτων περὶ ἕκαστον γόνυ τεταρσωμένα, ὅμοια ἀμυγδαλῇ, κεχαραγμένα δὲ κύκλῳ καὶ μακρότερα, βαρύοσμα· σκιάδιον δὲ ἐπ' ἄκρου ὅμοιον τῇ πρὸ αὐτῆς καὶ ἄνθος καὶ καρπός· ῥίζα δ' ὕπεστι μακρά, δακτύλου τὸ πάχος. δύναμις δὲ ἡ αὐτὴ ἀμφοτέρων καὶ χρῆσις, ψυκτική, ὑδραγωγός, κακοστόμαχος μέντοι. ἑψόμενα δὲ τὰ φύλλα ὡς λάχανα καθαίρει φλέγμα καὶ χολήν, καὶ οἱ καυλοὶ δὲ ἁπαλοὶ ἐν λοπάδι ληφθέντες τὰ αὐτὰ ποιοῦσι.

3. καὶ ἡ ῥίζα δὲ αὐτῆς ἑψηθεῖσα σὺν οἴνῳ καὶ διδομένη παρὰ τὴν δίαιταν ὑδρωπικοὺς ὠφελεῖ, βοηθεῖ δὲ καὶ ἐχιδνοδήκτοις ὁμοίως πινομένη· ἀφεψηθεῖσα δὲ μεθ' ὕδατος εἰς ἐγκάθισμα ὑστέραν μαλάσσει καὶ ἀναστομοῖ καὶ διορθοῦται τὰς περὶ αὐτὴν διαθέσεις. καὶ ὁ καρπὸς δὲ σὺν οἴνῳ ποθεὶς τὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖ, μελαίνει δὲ καὶ τρίχας ἐγχριόμενος. τὰ δὲ φύλλα πρόσφατα καὶ ἁπαλὰ φλεγμονὰς πραΰνει σὺν ἀλφίτῳ καὶ κατακαύμασιν ἁρμόζει καὶ κυνοδήκτοις καταπλασσόμενα· κολλᾷ δὲ <καὶ> ὑποφοράς, καὶ ποδαγρικοῖς βοηθεῖ μετὰ στέατος ταυρείου ἢ τραγείου καταπλασσόμενα.

Dioscorides, On Medical Materials, 4.173

Galen

Elder, the large and tree-like, and the more herb-like one, which they also call ground-elder. Both have a drying and an adhesive and moderately dispersive power.

Ἄκτη ἥ τε μεγάλη καὶ δενδρώδης καὶ ἡ βοτανωδεστέρα, ἥν περ δὴ καὶ χαμαιάκτην ὀνομάζουσιν· ξηραντικῆς ἀμφότεραι δυνάμεώς εἰσι, κολλητικῆς τε καὶ μετρίως διαφορητικῆς.

Galen, On Mixtures and Powers of Simple Drugs, 6.21

Oribasius

Elder, the tree-like and the ground-elder, both have a drying and an adhesive and moderately dispersive power.

Ἀκτὴ ἥ τε δενδρώδης καὶ ἡ χαμαιάκτη ξηραντικῆς ἀμφότεραι δυνάμεώς εἰσι τῆς κολλητικῆς τε καὶ μετρίως διαφορητικῆς.

Oribasius, Medical Collections, 15.1.1.40

Aetius of Amida

Elder, the large and tree-like, and the one called ground-elder, both have a drying and an adhesive and moderately dispersive power. The decoction of the root when drunk helps dropsical patients.

Ἀκτή, ἥ τε μεγάλη καὶ δενδρώδης καὶ ἡ χαμαιάκτη καλουμένη, ξηραντικῆς ἀμφότεραι δυνάμεως εἰσί, κολλητικῆς τε καὶ μετρίως διαφορητικῆς· ὠφελεῖ δὲ καὶ ὑδρωπικοὺς τὸ ἀφέψημα τῆς ῥίζης πινόμενον.

Aetius of Amida, Medical Books, 1.19

A sweet-smelling, summer-time deodorant from Crito

“Crito’s sweet-smelling, summer-time poultice useful for whole body:

‘When there’s a lot of sweat troubling the body, it is going to be disgusting—especially during the summer-time, since the sweat comes on with a great deal of nausea and stench. That’s why this prescription is not just for women, but for men as well. In fact, the time is right to make a mental note of these soaps:

Sweet-smelling summer-time deodorant for the whole body

• Up to three ounces* each of dried roses and cassia

• Up to two drachmes* each of black cardamom, costus root and spikenard

• Two ounces* of moistened alum

Dissolve in a fragrant, aged wine, form into pills and dry in the shade. To use: after crumbling and sifting, sprinkle on liberally while bathing and give it a good rub into the body. Rinse thoroughly with cold water.’”

Καταπλάσματα θερινὰ εὐωδίαν ποιοῦντα τῷ παντὶ σώματι Κρίτωνος. ἱδρώτων δ' ἐνοχλούντων τῷ σώματι πολλὴ ἔσται ἡ ἐκ τούτων ἀηδία, καὶ μάλιστα θέρους· καὶ γὰρ πολλὴν ἄσην ἐπιφέρει καὶ δυσωδίαν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο χρηστέον τοῖς ὑπογεγραμμένοις οὐ μόνον ἐπὶ τῶν γυναικῶν ἀλλὰ κἀπὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν· καιρὸς γὰρ καὶ τούτων μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι σὺν τοῖς σμήγμασι. Καταπαστὸν ὅλου τοῦ σώματος εὐῶδες θερινόν. ῥόδων ξηρῶν κασσίας ἀνὰ Γο γ’ ἀμώμου κόστου ναρδοστάχυος ἀνὰ ⋖ β’ στυπτηρίας ὑγρᾶς Γο β’, οἴνῳ παλαιῷ εὐώδει διαλύσας, ἀνάπλασσε τροχίσκους καὶ ξήραινε ἐν σκιᾷ· ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς χρείας κόψας σήσας δίδου διαπάσσεσθαι λουομένους καὶ ἀνατριβέσθωσαν ἐπιμελῶς καὶ τότε ψυχρῷ ὕδατι περιχείσθωσαν.

Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 8.7, 410,23–411,9 Olivieri

*Units:

1 Γο (ounce) = 27.3 g

1 ⋖ (drachme) = 3.4g

Spells for Walpurgisnacht: Apuleius and Plato on why we should learn magic

“Haven’t you heard—you who are hastily accusing it—that magic is an art approved of by the immortal gods, a profound knowledge of their care and worship, manifestly pious and wise in divine things, noble since the time of its authors, Zoroaster and Ahura Mazda, a celestial high-priestess, which is, in fact, among the first of the royal arts to be taught—and not just anyone among the Persians is allowed to be a magician, any more than anyone is allowed to reign. Plato, too, in a discussion about Zalmoxis, a Thracian and of the same skill as this man (sc. Zoroaster), once wrote: ‘magic spells are beautiful words.’ If this is true, why am I not allowed the beautiful words of Zalmoxis, or the ceremonies of Zoroaster?”

auditisne magiam, qui eam temere accusatis, artem esse dis immortalibus acceptam, colendi eos ac uenerandi pergnaram, piam scilicet et diuini scientem, iam inde a Zoroastre et Oromaze auctoribus suis nobilem, caelitum antistitam, quippe qui inter prima regalia docetur nec ulli temere inter Persas concessum est magum esse, haud magis quam regnare. idem Plato in alia sermocinatione de Zalmoxi quodam Thraci generis, sed eiusdem artis uiro ita scriptum reliquit: τὰς δὲ ἐπῳδὰς εἶναι τοὺς λόγους τοὺς καλούς. quod si ita est, cur mihi nosse non liceat uel Zalmoxi bona uerba uel Zoroastri sacerdotia?

Apuleius, Apologia 26.1

“This, Charmides, is what the nature of the magical spell is like. I learned it back when I was in the army from one of the Thracian doctors of Zalmoxis, who are even said to grant immortality. This Thracian fellow said that Greek doctors may know what they’re talking about when it comes to these things—the things I was discussing just now—, ‘but,’ he said, ‘our king Zalmoxis, who is also a god, says that, just as you shouldn’t try to cure the eye without curing the head, nor the head without the whole body, so you shouldn’t try to heal the body without the soul. And this is the reason the doctors in Greece miss so many diseases: because they neglect the whole that they ought to be concerned about, since if it is not in good shape, it is impossible for the part to be. For everything,’ he said, ‘that is good and bad for the body and for a human being as a whole starts from the soul and flows out from there, as from the head to the eyes, and so if head and the rest of the body are to be in good shape, first and foremost, you need to heal the soul. The soul is cured, my dear friend,’ he said, ‘by a kind of magic spell, and these magic spells are beautiful words. From such words temperance is engendered in the soul, and when it’s engendered and present, then health is easy to bring about, both in the head and in the rest of the body.’”

τοιοῦτον τοίνυν ἐστίν, ὦ Χαρμίδη, καὶ τὸ ταύτης τῆς ἐπῳδῆς. ἔμαθον δ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐγὼ ἐκεῖ ἐπὶ στρατιᾶς παρά τινος τῶν Θρᾳκῶν τῶν Ζαλμόξιδος ἰατρῶν, οἳ λέγονται καὶ ἀπαθανατίζειν. ἔλεγεν δὲ ὁ Θρᾲξ οὗτος ὅτι ταῦτα μὲν ἰατροὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες, ἃ νυνδὴ ἐγὼ ἔλεγον, καλῶς λέγοιεν: ἀλλὰ Ζάλμοξις, ἔφη, λέγει ὁ ἡμέτερος βασιλεύς, θεὸς ὤν, ὅτι ὥσπερ ὀφθαλμοὺς ἄνευ κεφαλῆς οὐ δεῖ ἐπιχειρεῖν ἰᾶσθαι οὐδὲ κεφαλὴν ἄνευ σώματος, οὕτως οὐδὲ σῶμα ἄνευ ψυχῆς, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο καὶ αἴτιον εἴη τοῦ διαφεύγειν τοὺς παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἰατροὺς τὰ πολλὰ νοσήματα, ὅτι τοῦ ὅλου ἀμελοῖεν οὗ δέοι τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιεῖσθαι, οὗ μὴ καλῶς ἔχοντος ἀδύνατον εἴη τὸ μέρος εὖ ἔχειν. πάντα γὰρ ἔφη ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς ὡρμῆσθαι καὶ τὰ κακὰ καὶ τὰ ἀγαθὰ τῷ σώματι καὶ παντὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ἐπιρρεῖν ὥσπερ ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἐπὶ τὰ ὄμματα: δεῖν οὖν ἐκεῖνο καὶ πρῶτον καὶ μάλιστα θεραπεύειν, εἰ μέλλει καὶ τὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ τὰ τοῦ ἄλλου σώματος καλῶς ἔχειν. θεραπεύεσθαι δὲ τὴν ψυχὴν ἔφη, ὦ μακάριε, ἐπῳδαῖς τισιν, τὰς δ᾽ ἐπῳδὰς ταύτας τοὺς λόγους εἶναι τοὺς καλούς: ἐκ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων λόγων ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς σωφροσύνην ἐγγίγνεσθαι, ἧς ἐγγενομένης καὶ παρούσης ῥᾴδιον ἤδη εἶναι τὴν ὑγίειαν καὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι πορίζειν.

Plato, Charmides, 156D-157B

Just some drugs made out of poop

“Another recipe for boils and moles. Use pigeon excrement that’s been made smooth with pungent vinegar and be amazed.”

Ἄλλο πρὸς μώλωπας καὶ φακούς. κόπρον περιστερᾶς μετ' ὄξους δριμέος λειώσας χρῶ καὶ θαυμάσεις.

Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 8.10, 414,5–6 Olivieri

“Use for moles: Place pigeon excrement into a linen cloth and burn it completely to ashes. Mix it into a smooth paste with olive oil and don’t be shy when smearing it on. Also, spreading on a paste of perfume-nut works well, as does raw grape hyacinth, by itself or with egg yolk, and either vinegar or honey. Grape hyacinth burnt with bastard-sponge and then smeared on clears away acne.”

χρῶ καὶ πρὸς φακούς· ἢ περιστερᾶς κόπρον εἰς ὀθόνιον βαλών, κατάκαυσον ὡς τεφρωθῆναι καὶ σὺν ἐλαίῳ λεάνας ἐπίχριε θαρρῶν, καὶ μυροβάλανος δὲ λεία ἐπιχριομένη καλῶς ποιεῖ καὶ βολβὸς ὠμὸς καθ' αὑτὸν καὶ σὺν ὠοῦ λεκίθῳ καὶ ὄξει ἢ μέλιτι. κεκαυμένοι δὲ οἱ βολβοὶ μετ' ἀλκυονίου καὶ ἐπιχριόμενοι ἀποκαθαίρουσι τὴν ἔφηλιν.

Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 8.12, 415,15–20 Olivieri

“For all kinds of headache and pain on one side of the face. Well tested. Mix up equal amounts with vinegar: juice of wormwood, juice of ivy, goat excrement, snails cooked with their shells, cooked papyrus, bayberries, grape hyacinth, frankincense, spurge, black ink, saffron ointment, oak gall, cabbage leaves, egg yolk, and mallow. Make into pills and use with vinegar.”

Πρὸς πάσαν κεφαλαλγίαν καὶ ἡμικραίραν διὰ πείρας πολλῆς. ἀψινθίου χυλοῦ κισσοῦ χυλοῦ αἰγὸς κόπρου κοχλίους σὺν τοῖς ὀστράκοις κεκαυμένους χάρτου κεκαυμένου δαφνίδων βολβῶν λιβάνου εὐφορβίου μέλανος γραφικοῦ κροκομάγματος κηκίδων ῥαφάνου φύλλων ὠοῦ τὸ πυρρὸν μαλάχης χυλῷ ἴσα λεάνας ὄξει, ποίει τροχίσκους καὶ χρῶ σὺν ὄξει.

Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 6.50, 194,18-23 Olivieri

“Archigenes’ remedy for canker sores: apply honey mixed with equal amounts of burnt swallow excrement and human excrement. Don't take just any excrement, but feed a child bread with lupins and well-balanced wine for two days, and on the third day take the excrement, dry it and keep it in storage. After grinding it down, use as previously directed. This also works for a sore throat.”

Ἄλλο Ἀρχιγένους πρὸς ἐσχάρας ἐν στόματι. χελιδόνων κεκαυμένων καὶ ἀνθρωπείας κόπρου τὸ ἴσον σὺν μέλιτι διάχριε. λάμβανε δὲ τὴν κόπρον οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν, ἀλλὰ παιδίῳ διδοὺς τροφὴν πρὸ ἡμερῶν <β> ἄρτον μετὰ θερμίων καὶ οἶνον σύμμετρον καὶ οὕτως τῇ τρίτῃ τῶν ἡμερῶν λαμβάνων τὴν κόπρον καὶ ξηραίνων ἔχε ἀποκειμένην καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς χρείας λεάνας χρῶ, ὡς προείρηται· ποιεῖ καὶ πρὸς συνάγχας.

Aetius of Amida, Libri medicinales 8.49, 475,10–16 Olivieri

Contained within the limits of the stars: the cycles of our common matter

Aristotle on the astral limits of life

“It is reasonable that for everything, the times of gestation, generation and life wish to be measured by natural periods. By a period, I mean day, night, month, year and the times measured by these, and in addition the periods of the moon. The periods of the moon are full moon, new moon and the mid-point of the times in between. For at these points the moon contributes to the sun, and the month is a period shared by them both. The moon is a principle because of its association with the sun and participation in its light. It becomes like another, lesser sun. That’s why it contributes to all processes of generation and completion. For heating and cooling up to a certain proportion produce generation, and after this corruption; and the movements of these stars contain their limits, of both the beginning and the end. For just as we observe that the sea and whatever has the nature of wetness are either at rest or in process of change depending on the movement or stillness of the winds, while the air and the winds depend on the period of the sun and the moon, so too the things that grow from them and are in them necessarily follow them.* For it is in accordance with reason that the periods of the less powerful things follow those of the more powerful. For the winds have a kind of life, as well, both a coming-to-be and a process of decline. Of the revolution of these stars, perhaps they have some other principles. Nature wants, therefore, to count generations and endings by the numbers of the stars, but it can’t do so precisely, because of the indeterminateness of matter and because there are many principles which, since they impede natural generation and corruption, are often causes of things that occur contrary to nature.”

* also the most important differentiae of the matter in spontaneous generation.

εὐλόγως δὲ πάντων οἱ χρόνοι καὶ τῶν κυήσεων καὶ γενέσεων καὶ τῶν βίων μετρεῖσθαι βούλονται κατὰ φύσιν περιόδοις. λέγω δὲ περίοδον ἡμέραν καὶ νύκτα καὶ μῆνα καὶ ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ τοὺς χρόνους τοὺς μετρουμένους τούτοις, ἔτι δὲ τὰς τῆς σελήνης περιόδους. εἰσὶ δὲ περίοδοι σελήνης πανσέληνός τε καὶ φθίσις καὶ τῶν μεταξὺ χρόνων αἱ διχοτομίαι· κατὰ γὰρ ταύτας συμβάλλει πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον· ὁ γὰρ μεὶς κοινὴ περίοδός ἐστιν ἀμφοτέρων. ἔστι δὲ ἡ σελήνη ἀρχὴ διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὸν ἥλιον κοινωνίαν καὶ τὴν μετάληψιν τὴν τοῦ φωτός· γίγνεται γὰρ ὥσπερ ἄλλος ἥλιος ἐλάττων· διὸ συμβάλλεται εἰς πάσας τὰς γενέσεις καὶ τελειώσεις. αἱ γὰρ θερμότητες καὶ ψύξεις μέχρι συμμετρίας τινὸς ποιοῦσι τὰς γενέσεις, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τὰς φθοράς· τούτων δ' ἔχουσι τὸ πέρας καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τῆς τελευτῆς αἱ τούτων κινήσεις τῶν ἄστρων. ὥσπερ γὰρ καὶ θάλατταν καὶ πᾶσαν ὁρῶμεν τὴν τῶν ὑγρῶν φύσιν ἱσταμένην καὶ μεταβάλλουσαν κατὰ τὴν τῶν πνευμάτων κίνησιν καὶ στάσιν, τὸν δ' ἀέρα καὶ τὰ πνεύματα κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς σελήνης περίοδον, οὕτω καὶ τὰ ἐκ τούτων φυόμενα καὶ τὰ ἐν τούτοις ἀκολουθεῖν ἀναγκαῖον· κατὰ λόγον γὰρ ἀκολουθεῖν καὶ τὰς τῶν ἀκυροτέρων περιόδους ταῖς τῶν κυριωτέρων. βίος γάρ τις καὶ πνεύματός ἐστι καὶ γένεσις καὶ φθίσις. τῆς δὲ τῶν ἄστρων τούτων περιφορᾶς τάχ' ἂν ἕτεραί τινες εἶεν ἀρχαί. βούλεται μὲν οὖν ἡ φύσις τοῖς τούτων ἀριθμοῖς ἀριθμεῖν τὰς γενέσεις καὶ τὰς τελευτάς, οὐκ ἀκριβοῖ δὲ διά τε τὴν τῆς ὕλης ἀοριστίαν καὶ διὰ τὸ γίγνεσθαι πολλὰς ἀρχὰς αἳ τὰς γενέσεις τὰς κατὰ φύσιν καὶ τὰς φθορὰς ἐμποδίζουσαι πολλάκις αἴτιαι τῶν παρὰ φύσιν συμπιπτόντων εἰσίν.

Aristotle, Generation of Animals 4.10, 777b16–778a6

Athenaeus of Attalia: late Hellenistic medical elaboration

“From Athenaeus’ works:

‘In the springtime, then, the air is wet and hot, in the summer hot and dry, in the autumn cold and dry, and in the winter wet and cold. Again, in each of the seasons, there are three differences: first, middle and last. Middle times have the purest mixture; the first and last ones are made like the adjacent time. And monthly, the moon produces four differences in the air: the first seven-day period, from new-moon until the seventh, it seems like the spring, moist and hot. The second seven-day period until full moon resembles summer; the third seven day period when the moon is waning is cold and dry; and the fourth and last is cold and wet. And during each day, there are differences of the air. For dawn is wet and hot like the spring. For this reason, the bodies of both healthy and sick persons loosen, so that this period of time is most manageable even for those who are feverish. The middle times of the day are likened to summer, those during the afternoon autumn, and around evening winter. And of night, the first resembles evening, the middle seems like winter, and correspondingly the others.’”

ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηναίου.

«ἐν μὲν οὖν τῇ ἐαρινῇ ὥρᾳ ὑγρὸς καὶ θερμὸς ὁ ἀήρ, ἐν δὲ τῇ θερινῇ θερμὸς καὶ ξηρός, ἐν δὲ τῇ φθινοπωρινῇ ψυχρὸς καὶ ξηρός, ἐν δὲ τῇ χειμερινῇ ὑγρὸς καὶ ψυχρός. πάλιν δὲ ἐν ἑκάστῃ τῶν ὡρῶν τρεῖς διαφοραὶ γίγνονται· πρώτη καὶ μέση καὶ ὑστάτη. τὰ μὲν οὖν μέσα τὴν εἰλικρινεστάτην τῆς ὥρας ἔχει κρᾶσιν· τὰ δὲ πρῶτα καὶ ὕστατα τῇ γειτνιώσῃ ὥρᾳ ἀφομοιοῦνται. καὶ ἡ σελήνη δὲ κατὰ μῆνα ἐργάζεται διαφορὰς δ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι· ἡ μὲν οὖν α ἑβδομὰς ἀπὸ νεομηνίας μέχρι τῆς ζ παρέοικε τῷ ἔαρι ὑγρὰ καὶ θερμή. ἡ δὲ β´ ἑβδομὰς μέχρι πανσελήνου θερινῇ παραπλήσιος· ἡ δὲ τρίτη ἑβδομὰς φθινούσης σελήνης ψυχρὰ καὶ ξηρά· ἡ δὲ τετάρτη καὶ τελευταῖα ψυχρὰ καὶ ὑγρά. καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην δὲ ἡμέραν διαφοραὶ τοῦ ἀέρος γίγνονται· ὁ μὲν γὰρ ὄρθρος ὑγρὸς καὶ θερμὸς ὡς τὸ ἔαρ· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὰ σώματα ἀνίεται καὶ τῶν ὑγιαινόντων καὶ τῶν νοσούντων, ὥστε καὶ τοῖς πυρέσσουσιν ὁ καιρὸς οὗτος εὐφορώτατος· τὰ δὲ μέσα τῆς ἡμέρας θέρει παρείκασται, τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὴν δείλην φθινοπώρῳ, τὰ δὲ περὶ ἑσπέραν χειμῶνι καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς δὲ τὰ πρῶτα τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ παρείκασται· τὰ δὲ μέσα χειμῶνι παρέοικε καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀκολούθως.»

Aëtius Amidenus, Libri medicinales 3.162 (332,1–17 Olivieri)

Michael of Ephesus restates the obvious

“The moon, he says, is the principle of the month. For having passed the sun after conjunction, it takes its start. In the text, ‘contain their limits, of both the beginning and the end,’ ‘their’ refers to heating and cooling. For the principle and generation of heat is the waxing of the moon and the sun’s approach towards the northern zodiac, while of cold, the waning of the moon and the retreat of the sun towards the south. And as the sea changes according to the motion of the winds, while the winds, as it says in the Meteorology, are generated according to the periods of the sun and the moon, so too the things that come to be out of water and the others, also the things that are in them, necessarily follow the movements of these stars. For fish, oysters, and crustaceans thrive at the waxing moon, but suffer the opposite at the waning of the moon. And the ground sprouts and plants blossom, and animals are vigorous and procreate at the approach of the sun, but pass away at its retreat. And all the others come-to-be with their cycles. But it’s not the right time to talk about them. He says the winds, earth and seas, are less powerful, and the sun, moon, and the rest of the stars are more powerful.”

ἡ δὲ σελήνη, φησίν, ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ τοῦ μηνός· διελθοῦσα γὰρ τὸν ἥλιον μετὰ τὴν σύνοδον ἀρχὴν ὁ μὴν λαμβάνει. ἐν δὲ τῇ λέξει τῇ «τούτων δ' ἔχουσι τὸ πέρας καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τῆς τελευτῆς» τὸ «τούτων» περὶ τῆς θερμότητος καὶ ψυχρότητος εἴρηται. ἀρχὴ μὲν γὰρ καὶ γένεσίς ἐστι θερμότητος ἥ τε τῆς σελήνης αὔξησις καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἡλίου πρὸς τὰ βόρεια ζῴδια προσέλευσις, ψύξεως δ' ἐκείνης μὲν ἡ μείωσις, τοῦ δὲ ἡλίου ἡ πρὸς τὰ νότια ἀναχώρησις. καὶ ὥσπερ ἡ θάλασσα μεταβάλλει κατὰ τὴν τῶν πνευμάτων κίνησιν, τὰ δὲ πνεύματα γίνεται, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Μετεώροις εἴρηται, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῆς σελήνης περίοδον, οὕτως καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῶν ὑγρῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων γινόμενα καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς ὄντα ἀκολουθεῖν ἀναγκαῖον τῇ τῶν ἀστέρων τούτων κινήσει. εὐθηνοῦσι μὲν γὰρ ἰχθύες, ὄστρεια, μαλακόστρακα ἐν τῇ αὐξήσει, πάσχει δὲ τοὐναντίον ἐν τῇ μειώσει τῆς σελήνης· καὶ βλαστάνει γῆ καὶ φυτὰ ἀνθεῖ, ζῷα δὲ ἡβᾷ καὶ γεννᾷ τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου προσελεύσει, φθίνει δὲ τῇ τούτου ἀποχωρήσει, καὶ τἆλλα πάντα γίνεται ταῖς τούτων περιόδοις, περὶ ὧν νῦν λέγειν οὐ καιρός. ἀκυρότερα δὲ λέγει πνεύματα, γῆν, θάλασσαν, κυριώτερα δὲ ἥλιον, σελήνην καὶ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀστέρας.

Michael of Ephesus, Commentary on Aristotle’s Generation of Animals, 210,5–23 Hayduck

Dionysius of Aegea’s Diktyaka: a guide to the major physiological questions of late antique medicine

Photius, Bibliotecha 211

“I read a work of Dionysius of Aegea. It is entitled Diktyaka (Lattice Works). It was a little book made up of one hundred chapters, of which some maintain some particular hypothesis (there were fifty of these), while the remaining fifty each took up a refutation against each of the things being maintained. It was all arranged so that the refutation was presented after [the initial hypothesis] and in a continuous series.

The style of the discussion hasn’t been embellished, and it didn’t display much charm, especially not as a performance piece. Rather, the work is aiming to be an exercise for the author, and he takes care that the style is plain and coordinated. The book is useful for those who are being trained in the practice of dialectic.

Ἀνεγνώσθη Διονυσίου Αἰγέως· Δικτυακῶν ἔφερε τὴν ἐπιγραφήν. Ἦν δὲ ἄρα τὸ βιβλιδάριον κεφαλαίοις ἀπαρτιζόμενον ρʹ, ὧν τὰ μὲν ἰδίαν ἑκάστην ὑπόθεσιν κατεσκεύαζε (νʹ δὲ ταῦτα ἦν) τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ νʹ ἀνασκευὴν ἕκαστον πρὸς ἑκάστην τῶν κατεσκευασμένων ἐσπούδαζεν, ἑκάστῃ παρασκευῇ ἀντιπαρατιθεμένης παρευθὺ καὶ κατὰ συνέχειαν τῆς ἀνασκευῆς. Ἡ μὲν ἑρμηνεία τοῦ λόγου οὔτε ἐξωράϊσται οὔτε ἔρριπται τοῦ κάλλους, ἄλλως τε καὶ ὅτι οὐδ' ἐπιδεικτικῶς ἀλλ' ἐς τὸ γυμνάσιον τῷ συγγραφεῖ τὸ σπούδασμα τείνει, καὶ ἰσχνότητος αὐτῷ καὶ τῶν συστοίχων μέλει. Χρήσιμον δὲ τὸ βιβλίον τοῖς τὴν διαλεκτικὴν τριβὴν ἀσκουμένοις.

“Here are the hypotheses mentioned:

Ἡ δὲ ὑπόθεσις λέγει ταῦτα

1. That the emission of semen and the production of offspring comes from both parents; and the contrary, that it does not come from both.

ὅτι ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ἡ καταβολὴ τοῦ σπέρματος καὶ ζωογονία γίνεται, καὶ τοὐναντίον οὐκ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων.

2. Second, that the secretion of semen comes from the whole body; and the contrary, that it comes from the testicles alone.

Δεύτερον, ὅτι ἀφ' ὅλου τοῦ σώματος ἡ τοῦ σπέρματος ἔκκρισις, καὶ τοὐναντίον ὅτι ἀπὸ μόνων τῶν διδύμων.

3. That concoction is produced by heat; and that this is not the case.

Γʹ ὅτι ἡ πέψις θερμασίᾳ γίγνεται καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

4. That concoction is produced by friction; and not by friction.

Δʹ ὅτι τρίψει ἡ πέψις γίνεται, καὶ ὅτι οὐ τρίψει.

5. That concoction is produced by decay; and not by decay.

Εʹ ὅτι σήψει ἡ πέψις, καὶ ὅτι οὐ σήψει.

6. That concoction is produced by a special property of the pneuma; and that this is not the case.

ϛʹ ὅτι τοῦ πνεύματος ἰδιότητι ἡ πέψις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

7. That concoction is produced by a special quality of humours; and that this is not the case.

Ζʹ ὅτι χυμῶν ἰδιότητι ἡ πέψις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

8. That concoction is produced by a special property of heat; and that this is not the case.

Ηʹ ὅτι θερμασίας ἰδιότητι ἡ πέψις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

9. That assimilation of food is produced by heat; and that this is not the case.

Θʹ ὅτι θερμασίᾳ ἡ ἀνάδοσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

10. That assimilation of food is produced by drawing the heat to itself; and that this is not the case.

Ιʹ ὅτι ἡ ἀνάδοσις τῷ τὴν θερμασίαν ἐφ' ἑαυτὴν ἕλκειν, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

11. That assimilation is produced by the pneuma; and that this is not the case.

Ιαʹ ὅτι τῷ πνεύματι ἡ ἀνάδοσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

12. That assimilation is produced by juxtaposition of the arteries; and that this is not the case.

Ιβʹ ὅτι τῇ τῶν ἀρτηριῶν παραθέσει ἡ ἀνάδοσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

13. That assimilation is produced by absence in the void; and that assimilation is not produced by absence of what is not evident.

Ιγʹ ὅτι τῇ κατὰ κενὸν ἀπουσίᾳ ἡ ἀνάδοσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐ κατὰ τὸ ἄδηλον ἀπουσίᾳ ἡ ἀνάδοσις.

14. That the formation of cataracts occur due to the atrophy of the optic pore ; and that this is not the case.

Ιδʹ ὅτι δι' ἀτροφίαν τοῦ ὁρατικοῦ πόρου ἡ ἀπογλαύκωσις συμβαίνει, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

15. That the formation of cataracts is caused by the impact of blood on the optic pore; and that this is not the case.

Ιεʹ ὅτι παρ' ἔμπτωσιν αἵματος εἰς τὸν ὁρατικὸν πόρον ἡ ἀπογλαύκωσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

16. That the formation of cataracts occurs due to the thickness of fluids and transpiration; and that this is not the case.

Ιϛʹ ὅτι καθ' ὑγρῶν πάχος καὶ διαπνοὴν ἡ ἀπογλαύκωσις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

17. That phrenitis is produced by obstruction of the meninges and deterioration of the blood; and that this is not the case.

Ιζʹ ὅτι ἡ φρενῖτις κατὰ διάτασιν τῆς μήνιγγος καὶ φθορὰν τοῦ αἵματος γίνεται, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

18. That phrenitis occurs due to an abundance of heat; and that this is not the case.

Ιηʹ ὅτι κατὰ θερμασίας πλεονασμὸν ἡ φρενῖτις συμβαίνει, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

19. That phrenitis occurs because of inflammation; and that this is not the case.

Ιθʹ ὅτι διὰ φλεγμονὴν ἡ φρενῖτις, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

20. That lethargy is produced by inflammation; and that this is not the case.

Κʹ ὅτι ὁ λήθαργος διὰ φλεγμονὴν γίνεται, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

21. That people become lethargic due to exertion and destruction; and that this is not the case.

Καʹ ὅτι κατὰ διάτασιν οἱ ληθαργικοὶ καὶ φθοράν, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

22. That desire to drink and eat involves the whole body; and that it involves only the stomach.

Κβʹ ὅτι περὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα ἡ τοῦ πιεῖν καὶ φαγεῖν συνίσταται ὄρεξις, καὶ ὅτι περὶ μόνον τὸν στόμαχον.

23. That desire to eat and drink involves thought.

Κγʹ ὅτι ἡ τοῦ φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν ὄρεξις περὶ διάνοιαν.

24. That thirst is produced by a lack of fluids; and that this is not the case.

Κδʹ ὅτι καθ' ὑγρῶν ἔνδειαν τὸ δίψος, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

25. That some double activity is observed about the stomach; or that this is not the case.

Κεʹ ὅτι περὶ τὸν στόμαχον διπλῆ τις ὁρᾶται ἐνέργεια, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

26. That the principle of the nerves in the cavity is the internal membrane; and that this is not the case, but it is the external one.

Κϛʹ ὅτι ἡ ἐντὸς μῆνιγξ ἡ ἐν τῷ κοιλώματι ἀρχὴ τῶν νεύρων ἐστί, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως ἀλλ' ἡ ἐκτός.

27. That drugs purify when they are distributed; and that this is not the case, but through the impact.

Κζʹ ὅτι ἀναδιδόμενα τὰ φάρμακα καθαίρει, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν πρόσπτωσιν.

28. That one should not use purgatives; and that one should use them.

Κηʹ ὅτι οὐ χρηστέον τοῖς καθαρτικοῖς, καὶ ὅτι χρηστέον.

29. That one should use a dose of wine in cases of patient's with fever; and the contrary, that this is ill advised.

Κθʹ ὅτι οἴνου δόσει χρηστέον ἐπὶ τῶν πυρεσσόντων, καὶ τοὐναντίον ὅτι ἀσύμφορον.

30. That a bath is advantageous for those with fever; and that it is ill advised.

Λʹ ὅτι λουτρὸν τοῖς πυρέσσουσι λυσιτελεῖ, καὶ ὅτι ἀσύμφορον.

31. That one must wash when diseases intensify; and that this is not suitable.

Λαʹ ὅτι δεῖ ἐν ταῖς ἐπιτάσεσι τῶν νόσων κλύζειν, καὶ ὅτι οὐ προσῆκον.

32. That one must not use anointing at the beginning [of an illness]; and that this is useful.

Λβʹ ὅτι οὐ δεῖ κατ' ἀρχὰς ὑπαλείψει χρῆσθαι, καὶ ὅτι συμφέρον.

33. That one must apply a plaster to the head; and that one must not, but use only incense.

Λγʹ ὅτι δεῖ καταπλάττειν τὴν κεφαλήν, καὶ ὅτι οὐ δεῖ, τοῖς δ' ὀσφραντοῖς μόνον χρῆσθαι.

34. That emetics are ill advised; and that they are useful.

Λδʹ ὅτι ἐμετοποιία ἀσύμφορον, καὶ ὅτι συμφέρον.

35. That the heart does not send out blood; and that it does send it out.

Λεʹ ὅτι οὐκ ἐπιπέμπει ἡ καρδία αἷμα, καὶ ὅτι ἐπιπέμπει.

36. That the heart does not send out pneuma, but the arteries draw it in; and that the contrary is the case.

Λϛʹ ὅτι οὐχ ἡ καρδία τὸ πνεῦμα ἐπιπέμπει, ἀλλ' αἱ ἀρτηρίαι ἕλκουσι, καὶ ὅτι ἔμπαλιν.

37. That the heart moves itself; and that it does not move itself.

Λζʹ ὅτι ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἡ καρδία κινεῖται, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἐξ ἑαυτῆς.

38. That the blood naturally exists in the arteries; and that the arteries are not vessels for blood.

Ληʹ ὅτι κατὰ φύσιν αἷμα ἐν ἀρτηρίαις ὑπάρχει, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ αἵματος αἱ ἀρτηρίαι ἀγγεῖον.

39. That all the vessels are simple in their bulk; and that they are woven.

Λθʹ ὅτι πάντα τὰ ἀγγεῖα ἐν τῷ ὄγκῳ ἁπλᾶ ἐστι, καὶ ὅτι πλέγματά ἐστι.

40. That an animal's ability to sense and move comes about through the nerves; and that this is not the case.

Μʹ ὅτι διὰ τῶν νεύρων ἡ αἴσθησις καὶ ἡ κίνησις τοῦ ζῴου, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

41. That the heart is the principle of the veins; and that it is not the principle.

Μαʹ ὅτι ἀρχὴ φλεβῶν ἡ καρδία καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

42. That the liver is the principle of the veins; and that it is not the principle.

Μβʹ ὅτι ἧπαρ ἀρχὴ φλεβῶν, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

43. That the ventricle / belly is the principle o the veins; and that it is not the principle.

Μγʹ ὅτι κοιλία φλεβῶν ἀρχή, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

44. That the membrane is the principle of all vessels; and that it is not the principle.

Μδʹ ὅτι πάντων τῶν ἀγγείων ἀρχὴ μῆνιγξ, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

45. That the lungs are the principle of the arteries; and that they are not the principle.

Μεʹ ὅτι πνεύμων ἀρτηριῶν ἀρχή, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρχή.

46. That the artery along the spine is the principle of the arteries; and that it is not the principle.

Μϛʹ ὅτι ἡ παρὰ τὴν ῥάχιν ἀρτηρία ἀρτηριῶν ἀρχή, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

47. That the heart is the principle of the arteries; and that it is not the principle.

Μζʹ ὅτι ἡ καρδία ἀρχὴ ἀρτηριῶν, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

48. That it is not the heart, but the membrane around the brain that is the principle of the nerves; and that it is not the principle.

Μηʹ ὅτι οὐχ ἡ καρδία ἀρχὴ νεύρων, ἀλλ' ἡ περιέχουσα τὸν ἐγκέφαλον μῆνιγξ, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀρχή.

49. That the intellectual faculty is not in the region of the heart, but the head; and the opposite.

Μθʹ ὅτι οὐ περὶ καρδίαν τὸ διανοητικὸν ἀλλὰ περὶ κεφαλήν, καὶ ὅτι ἀνάπαλιν.

50. That the intellectual faculty is situated in the middle of the brain; and that this is not the case.

Νʹ ὅτι τὸ διανοητικόν ἐστι περὶ τὴν μέσην τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου κοιλίαν, καὶ ὅτι οὐχ οὕτως.

Here, then, are the hypotheses set in opposition.”

Ταῦτα καὶ ἡ ὑπόθεσις διατείνεται.

Sources for the Pneumatist School

Puzzles about the Pneumatist school of medicine. Continued from here.

II. Transferring Schools

G. Galenus, De differentia pulsuum 3.2 (VIII 646K)

“For Magnus, mind you, who professes himself to come from the Pneumatist school, says the strength of the beat (of the pulse) is produced differently from the way Archigenes does.”

ὁ γάρ τοι Μάγνος, καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπὸ τῆς πνευματικῆς αἱρέσεως εἶναι προσποιούμενος, ἑτέρως τὸ ἰσχυρὸν τῆς πληγῆς γίνεσθαί φησιν ἢ ὡς Ἀρχιγένης.

H. Galenus, De differentia pulsuum 3.1 (VIII 640K)

“Magnus clearly knows that he is not arguing against the other doctors about facts, but about the proper or improper use of terms. This is made especially clear through the following example: for he asks Demetrius [the Cynic?], to whom he has dedicated these books On the Discoveries after the Time of Themison, to investigate it [sc. the pulse] with him as well, since he is a philosopher and someone who knows more precisely what is a proper term and what is not.”

οἶδεν οὖν σαφῶς ὁ Μάγνος ὅτι μὴ περὶ πράγματος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ κυρίως ὀνομάζειν, ἢ μὴ κυρίως, πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἰατροὺς ἀμφισβητεῖ. σαφέστατον δ' ἔτι ποιεῖ τοῦτο διὰ τῶν ἐφεξῆς· ἀξιοῖ γὰρ τὸν Δημήτριον, ᾧ ταῦτα τὰ βιβλία τὰ περὶ τῶν ἐφευρημένων μετὰ τοὺς Θεμίσωνος χρόνους ἀνέθηκε, συνεπισκέψασθαι καὶ αὐτὸν, ὡς ἂν φιλόσοφόν τε ὄντα καὶ τί τὸ κύριον ὄνομα καὶ τί τὸ μὴ τοιοῦτον ἀκριβέστερον εἰδότα.

I. Caelius Aurelianus, Celeres passiones, 2.10.58 (CML VI 1, 166,9-12 Bendz)

“But no one identified this disease [sc. catalepsy] as such until the time of the Methodists. For it was Magnus, from our [school, i.e., the Methodists], who first determined its characteristics, and he was soon followed by Agathinus and then by Archigenes [...].”

sed neque alius quisquam hanc passionem [sc. catalepsis] cognouit usque ad Methodicorum tempora. name ex nostris primus Magnus eius argumenta constituit, atque mox Agathinus, dehinc Archigenes [...].

Pseudo-Galen, what is a heart?

“The heart is sinewy, muscular and full of veins, having arteries as well. It is conical in shape, somewhat fatty; the arteries and veins, through which blood and pneuma are distributed, grow out from it. In another way: the heart is muscular, having a conical shape and two ventricles, in which are generated the innate heat and the vital pneuma. The arteries grow out from it, also the veins grow out from it. Through these, both the life-bearing seed and the innate heat are supplied to the whole body.”

Καρδία ἐστὶ νευρώδης καὶ μυώδης καὶ φλεβώδης, ἔχουσα καὶ ἀρτηρίας. κωνοειδὴς τῷ σχήματι, ὑποπίμελος, ἐξ ἧς ἐκπεφύκασιν ἀρτηρίαι καὶ φλέβες δι' ὧν ἐπιπέμπεται αἷμα καὶ πνεῦμα. ἄλλως. καρδία ἐστὶ μυώδης, ἔχουσα σχῆμα κωνοειδὲς καὶ δύο κοιλίας ἐν αἷς γεννᾶται τὸ ἔμφυτον θερμὸν καὶ τὸ ζωτικὸν πνεῦμα. ἐξ ἧς ἐκπεφύκασιν ἀρτηρίαι καὶ φλέβες ἐκφύονται. δι' ὧν χορηγεῖται τῷ παντὶ σώματι ὅ τε ζωτικὸς γόνος καὶ ἡ ἔμφυτος θερμασία.

Ps.-Galen, Medical Definitions 49 (XIX 360 Kühn)